Improvements in the production capabilities of Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells have relied on traditional genetic engineering strategies, such as gene overexpression and gene knockouts. However, new strategies are likely to require more sophisticated rational approaches and novel molecular tools need to be developed to facilitate more refined control of gene expression. In this thesis, the use of microRNAs to harness control of transgene expression in CHO cells has been investigated. The first part of this thesis aimed to identify miRNA expression profiles that could be used to actuate transgene expression in the context of biopharmaceutical production. miRNA expression data from cell lines with different glutamine requirements was investigated in an attempt to identify glutamine responsive miRNAs. In addition, the analysis of a novel CHO miRNA expression dataset from a fed batch process resulted in the identification of interesting miRNA clusters exhibiting expression profiles that could be matched to particular growth phases. The second part of the work involved the investigation of temperature-induced miRNA expression changes in order to build a temperature dependent transgene expression control system using miRNA sponges. Temperature responsive miRNAs were identified and validated. While providing evidence that miRNA sponges can be used as molecular sensors and modulate gene expression, our results indicate that temperature-driven changes of miRNA expression are unlikely to be used as a robust gene control system. Finally, transgene expression control by combining UTR secondary structure and miRNAs was investigated. We showed that miRNA-toehold switches are able to repress transgene expression repression in a sequence specific manner although a robust ON/OFF function could not be achieved. Using a small library of synthetic 5’-UTR, the effect of several structural and sequence features in the miRNA-toehold was also investigated. Sequence determinants such as upstream ORFs, AU-rich regions and kozak environment showed greater effects on transgene expression than the 5’-UTR local secondary structure features. In summary, the work described in this thesis represents the first attempt to implement miRNA-based strategies to directly control transgene expression in CHO cells while highlighting the difficulties that need to be overcome for this strategy to be effective.