Introduction: Deficits in neuromuscular strength qualities are common across a range of musculoskeletal injuries and are usually measured about a single joint (Petersen et al., 2014). Neuromuscular strength qualities can also correlate with athletic performance, however, these are generally measured using whole-body tasks (Spiteri et al., 2015). The aim of this thesis is to explore the role of whole- body neuromuscular strength qualities in the rehabilitation of chronic musculoskeletal conditions and examine if the same strength qualities are important for athletic performance. Methods: This thesis incorporates work from six investigations including: two rehabilitation intervention studies, three exploratory biomechanical analyses and one methodological study. It incorporates novel techniques employed in the biomechanical analysis of a series of athletic tasks. Results and Conclusion: Whole-body resistance training interventions demonstrated significant improvements in low back pain outcomes and reduced fat infiltration within lumbar musculature but without improvements in maximum or explosive strength. Athletes with athletic groin pain demonstrated deficits in force production capacity in maximum, explosive and reactive strength, deceleration and cutting tasks compared to non-injured athletes. Including additional explosive strength training in a rehabilitation program led to altered strategies during cutting and reduced return to play times compared to a standard rehabilitation program. The technical ability to produce horizontal force, rather than the amount of force, determines performance during cutting. This is achieved by maintaining a low centre of mass and a wider foot position while utilising shorter ground contact times. The results from this PhD thesis have made novel contributions in relation to both rehabilitation from chronic musculoskeletal conditions and athletic performance. The findings will help to inform clinical practice and aid in the design of future research.